Tour de Physiology: The Exceptional Power Outputs and V̇O₂ of Climbing in the Tour de France

Abstract

The Tour de France stands as perhaps the most demanding endurance competition in the world, requiring athletes to sustain exceptional physiological performance over three weeks of racing. Central to success in this event is a remarkably high maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O₂max). The 2024 and 2025 Tour de France showcased unprecedented climbing performances, with new records set on iconic ascents. This brief report analyzes the physiological demands of these performances by estimating the V̇O₂ and power output required during six decisive climbs (Plateau de Beille, Isola 2000, Col de la Couillole, Hautacam, Peyragudes, Mont Ventoux) by the race winner, Tadej Pogačar. Using publicly available climb data, rider anthropometrics, and validated mechanical models of cycling power output, results indicate estimated mean power outputs of 442 ± 15 W and corresponding mean oxygen consumptions of 80 ± 3 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ sustained over ~40 min. Extrapolating from these efforts and known relationships between critical power and V̇O₂max suggests that Pogačar’s V̇O₂max during the race likely exceeded 90 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹. These findings underscore the extraordinary aerobic capacity required to achieve record-breaking performances in Grand Tour cycling. They also highlight how ongoing improvements in training, equipment, and rider physiology continue to push the limits of human endurance performance to the enjoyment of the spectators.